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English words that end with a Silent E

5/4/2022

2 Comments

 
Category: Spelling
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Silent E
The term silent E refers to the use of an unpronounced E after another letter (usually a consonant) at the end of a word. ​
​
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Here are six rules for the use of silent final -E
Rule #1 - Show vowel sounds
 In most cases, a silent E at the end of a word changes its pronunciation. ​In C-V-C words, the vowel is almost always a "short" vowel. When we add an silent final -E, it changes the short vowel to a long vowel sound. ​Silent final -E makes the vowel say its name.
​
For example:​
  • Hat /hæt/ has a short A sound, and Hate /heɪt/ has a long A sound.
  • Them /ðɛm/ has a short E sound, and Theme  /θim/ has a long E sound.
  • Tim /tɪm/ has a short I sound, and Time /taɪm/ has a long I sound.
  • Hop /hɑp/ has a short O sound, and Hope /hoʊp/ has a long O sound.
  • Cut /kʌt/ has a short U sound, and Cute /kiut/ has a long U sound.
​Rule #2 - Show consonant sounds
A. The silent E tells a C or G to make a soft sound.
​
For example:
Soft C /s/
  • ice /aɪs/.
  • lettuce /ˈlɛtəs/.
  • office /ˈɔfəs/.
  • price /praɪs/.
  • voice /vɔɪs/. 
Soft G /ʤ/
  • age /eɪʤ/.
  • college /ˈkɑlɪʤ/.
  • large /lɑrʤ/.
  • message /ˈmɛsəʤ/.
  • page /peɪʤ/.
B. The silent E tells TH to make a voiced sound. 
In most words that end in TH, it is pronounce as /θ/, an unvoiced consonant sound, for example bath, month, birth, teeth, etc. When a final TH is followed by E, however, it almost takes the voiced consonant sound /ð/.

​For example:
  • bathe /beɪð/.
  • breathe /brið/.
Rule #3 - Every syllable must have a vowel
The rules of English spelling state that every syllable must have a vowel. A silent E following a syllabic L prevents words from violating the spelling rule.

​For example:
  • ap-ple /ˈæpəl/.
  • bub-ble /ˈbʌbəl/.
  • can-dle /ˈkændəl/.
  • cir-cle /ˈsɜrkəl/.
  • goo-gle /ˈgugəl/.
  • nee-dle /ˈnidəl/.
  • peo-ple /ˈpipəl/.
  • pick-le /ˈpɪkəl/.
  • puz-zle /ˈpʌzəl/.
  • ta-ble /ˈteɪbəl/.
  • tur-tle /ˈtɜrtəl/.
  • waf-fle /ˈwɑfəl/.
​Rule #4 - Distinguish homophones
For example:
  • by /baɪ/ - bye /baɪ/.
​
​​Rule #5 - Stop words ending in U and V
The rules of English spelling state that words cannot end with a u or v. This is a consonant spelling rule. The silent final E is not there to change the pronunciation of the vowel.
​
For example:
  • adjective /ˈæʤɪktɪv/.
  • argue /ˈɑrgju/.
  • blue /blu/.
  • drive /draɪv/.
  • give /gɪv/.
  • have /hæv/.
  • love /lʌv/.
  • rescue /ˈrɛskju/.
  • ​wave /weɪv/.

Note that words borrowed from other language such as bureau, chateau, jujitsu, menu, tiramisu and tofu and abbreviations such as flu (influenza) and gov (government) can end in a u or v.
​​Rule #6 - Keep singular nouns from ending in S
Silent E keeps a singular noun from ending in a single S. 
For example:
  • base /beɪs/.
  • course /kɔrs/.
  • cheese /ˈprɑməs/.
  • house /haʊz/.
  • goose /gus/.
  • mouse /maʊz/.
  • promise /ˈprɑməs/.
  • verse /vɜrs/.
Exceptions
The silent E has several roles. However, generally there are exceptions, here's a list of some words that break the rules:
  • are /ɑr/.
  • come /kʌm/.
  • discipline /ˈdɪsəplən/. 
  • done /dʌn/.
  • gone /gɔn/.
  • none /nʌn/.
  • one /wʌn/.
  • some /sʌm/. 
  • sure /ʃʊr/.
  • there /ðɛr/.
  • where /wɛr/.
  • whose /huz/.
Also, keep in mind that there are few words in which the silent  final -E isn't silent at all. 

For example:
  • acne /ˈækni/.
  • apostrophe /əˈpɑstrəfi/.
  • fiance /fiˈɑnˌseɪ/.
  • karate /kəˈrɑti/.
  • recipe /ˈrɛsəpi/.
  • resume /rɪˈzum/.
Videos
Jack Hartmann's Silent E - Phonics song for kids
The Bazillions - Silent E
2 Comments

Spelling of verb +ing

8/7/2020

6 Comments

 
Category: Spelling
Picture
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Rules to change verbs into -ing forms of verbs and gerunds
The general rule when changing a verb into its -ing form is just to add -ing to the end of the verb.
Infinitive
-ing form
To eat
eating
To go
going
To do
doing
To sleep
sleeping
To read
reading
To listen
listening
To cook
cooking
To feel
feeling
To work
working
Spelling exceptions
Rule #1: Silent -e
Verbs that end in a silent “e”, remove the -e and add -ing.
Infinitive
-ing form​
To believe
believing
To come
coming
To dance
dancing
To have
having
To live
living
To love
loving
To make
making
To move
moving
To ride
riding
To skate
skating
To smile
smiling
To take
taking
To write
writing
Rule #2: Long -e sound
Verbs that end with a long -e sound, add -ing.
Infinitive
-ing form
To be
being
To agree
agreeing
To see
seeing
Rule #3: -ie
Verbs that end in “ie”, change -ie to -y and add -ing.
Infinitive
-ing form
To die
dying
To lie
lying
To tie
tying
To vie
vying
Rule #4: One-syllable CVC
One-syllable verbs that end in a consonant-vowel-consonant, double the final consonant and add -ing.
Infinitive
-ing form
To run
running
To sit
sitting
to get
getting
To swim
swimming
To stop
stopping
Rule #5: Two-syllable and last syllable is stressed
Two-syllable verbs that the 2nd syllable is stressed, double the final consonant and add -ing
Infinitive
-ing form
To begin
beginning
To forget
forgetting
To prefer
preferring
​However, when the last syllable is not stressed, just add -ing as usual:
  • HAP-pen - happening.
  • LIS-ten - listening.
  • O-pen - opening.
​​
Rule #6: w-x-y
Verbs that end in “w”, "x" or “y”, do not double the final consonant
Infinitive
-ing form
To enjoy
enjoying
To fix
fixing
To play
playing
To snow
snowing
To study
studying
Rule #7: -ic
Verbs that end in “ic”, add -k before -ing
Infinitive
-ing form
To traffic
trafficking
To picnic
picnicking
To panic
panicking
Rule #8: C-V-"L"
Verbs that end consonant-vowel-“L”, double the -L and add -ing
Note: In US, do not double the -L
Infinitive
-ing form (UK)
-ing form (US)
To travel
travelling
traveling
To cancel
cancelling
canceling
Exercise
Rewrite the following verbs in -ing form. Look at the example.
For example:
             To play => playing
​

  1. To read ________________
  2. To go ________________
  3. To skate ________________
  4. To swim ________________
  5. To die ________________
  6. To ride ________________
  7. To be ________________
  8. To do ________________
  9. To panic ________________
  10. To study ________________
Online exercises
Exercise 01 - Verbs + -ing
Exercise 02 - Likes and dislikes  (Verbs -ing)
6 Comments

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