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What is a fable?

2/19/2022

1 Comment

 
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Category: Topics in the syllabus
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What is a fable?
A fable is ​a short story, typically with animals as characters, conveying a moral. The characters in a fable are usually animals whose words and actions reflect human behavior.

The word “fable” comes from the Latin “fabula,” or “story.” A person who writes fables is a fabulist.

​​​The most famous fables in the world are Aesop's Fables. Aesop was an Ancient Greek storyteller and his fables have been gathered across the centuries in a variety of languages in a storytelling tradition that continues to this day. ​

Fables were probably used by medieval troubadours, musicians, bards and poets to orally transmit their stories to the people. It's one of the forms of folk literature most used throughout history. Several colloquial phrases are derived from fables, such as “A wolf in sheep’s clothing” and “A bird in the hand is worth two in the bush.”
​Famous fables
​Here's a list of fables and their moral lesson:
  • The Fox and the Grapes - "It’s easy to despise what you cannot have."
  • The Tortoise and the Hare - “Slow and steady wins the race.”
  • The Lion and the Mouse - "A kindness is never wasted."
  • The Ant and the Grasshopper - "There’s a time for work and a time for play."
  • The Crow and the Pitcher - "Don’t give up at the first sign of failure. In fact, never give up!" 
  • The Wolf in Sheep's Clothing - "Do not assume or judge things based on appearance."
  • The Fox and the Crow - "Never fall for flattering words."
  • The Dog and his Reflection - "Greed can lead to costly foolish behavior."
  • The Town Mouse and Country Mouse - "Better beans and bacon in peace than cakes and ale in fear".
  • The Boy who cried Wolf - "There is no believing a liar, even when he speaks the truth." 
  • The Wolf and the Crane - "You should help only who deserves it."
  • The North Wind and the Sun - "Kindness effects more than severity." 
  • The Gnat and the Bull - "We are often of greater importance in our own eyes than in the eyes of our neighbor."
  • The Goose and the Golden Egg -  "Those who have plenty want more and so lose all they have."
  • The Hawk and The Nightingale​ - "“A bird in the hand is worth two in the bush.”
Characteristics
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  • It's a short story that involves fantasy elements.
  • It can be in verse or prose.
  • It's aimed at children.
  • It's generally written in third person, which means that the narrator is not a character in the story.
  • The setting can be anywhere.
  • The plot of a fable includes an exposition, a simple conflict and a resolution.
  • It usually has no more than two or three characters.
  • It usually features animals that behave and speak as human beings. They have strengths and weaknesses.
  • Some animals have specific traits associated with them. For example, an owl is wise, a fox is cunning, and a lion is brave.
  • It has funny, familiar and humorous tones, using mostly satire to criticize behaviors and behaviors.
  • The moral lesson is revealed at the end to teach readers something about life.​
  • The fable exposes the dangers of vices and antisocial attitudes, such as greed, envy, lack of empathy, pride, greed, excess self-confidence, etc.
Examples
The Tortoise and the Hare
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There once was a speedy Hare who bragged about how fast he could run. Tired of hearing him boast, the Tortoise, challenged him to a race. The Hare was soon far out of sight, and to make the Tortoise feel very deeply how ridiculous it was for him to try a race with a Hare, he lay down beside the course to take a nap until the Tortoise should catch up.  Meanwhile, the tortoise continued walking slowly, but steady. He was determined not to give up. After a time, he passed the place where the Hare was sleeping. In the end, the tortoise wins.
​

“Slow and steady wins the race.”
The Fox and the Crow
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One day, a Fox was very hungry, and he was looking for something to eat. Then, he saw a Crow sitting on the highest branch of a tree. The Crow had a piece of cheese in her beak. "Good morning, Mistress Crow," he cried. "How well you are looking today! How glossy your feathers! How bright your eye! I feel sure your voice must surpass that of other birds, just as your figure does. Let me hear but one song from you that I may greet you as the Queen of Birds." Listening to these flattering words, the Crow forgot all her suspicion, and also her breakfast. She wanted very much to be called Queen of Birds. So, the Crow lifted up her head and began to caw her best, but the moment she opened her mouth the piece of cheese fell to the ground, only to be snapped up by the Fox.
​
"Never fall for flattering words."
Importance
​In fact, the fable is one of the oldest and most lasting methods of both written and oral storytelling. They can be found in the literature of almost all countries and languages, and are a fundamental part of the folklore of must cultures. ​Fables are a good way to convey moral meaning because they are simple in nature and can be easily be read by anyone.
1 Comment

Hacer conversaciones: Community service

12/20/2021

0 Comments

 
Category: Topic In The Syllabus
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A continuación, veremos la estructura y organización para crear una conversación sencilla sobre servicios comunitarios:
  1. Apertura.
  2. Cuerpo
  3. Cierre.
1. Apertura
En esta primera parte se da inicio a la conversación, se indica el deseo de entablar el diálogo mediante un saludo o llamada de atención al destinatario.
​
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Aperturas formales
(Telephone call)
​A: Good morning, Feeding America. How can I help you? - Buenos días, Alimentando América. ¿Cómo le puedo ayudar?
B: Good morning. Can I speak to Mr. González, please.  - Buenos días. ¿Puedo hablar con el Sr. González, por favor.

(Face-to-face)
A: Good morning. What can I do for you? - Buenos días. ¿Qué puedo hacer por usted?
B: Good morning. I'm interested in volunteering. - Buenos días. Estoy interesado en ser voluntario.
Aperturas informales
(Telephone call)
​A: Hi, Steve! I received your message. What's up?  - ¡Hola Steve! Recibí tu mensaje. ¿Qué sucede?
B: Hi, Charles! Thanks for calling me back. - ¡Hola, Charles! Gracias por devolverme la llamada.

(Face-to-face)
​A: Hi, John! What are you doing? - ¡Hola, John! ¿Qué estás haciendo?
B: Oh, hi Laura! I'm looking for a community service project for my school. - ¡Oh, hola Laura! Estoy buscando un proyecto de servicio comunitario para mi escuela.
2. Cuerpo
Es la parte central y donde se intercambia la información. A continuación, tenemos algunos pares de adyacencia:
​
Request for information - Grant
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(Telephone call)
#1
A
:  What exactly are you interested in? - ¿Qué es exactamente lo que le interesa?
B: I'd like to collect canned food and pantry items to help my community  - Me gustaría recolectar alimentos enlatados y artículos de despensa para ayudar a mi comunidad.

#2
A
:  Have you done any volunteer work before? - ¿Ha realizado algún trabajo voluntario antes?
B: Yes, I have. I worked at the animal shelter - Sí. Trabajé en el refugio de animales.
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(Face-to-face)
​#1
A
:  I'm Laura. What's your name? - Yo soy Laura ¿Cuál es tu nombre?
B: My name's Emma. Nice to meet you - Mi nombre es Emma. Un placer conocerte.

#2
A
:  What are the activities? - ¿Cuáles son las actividades?
B: Recruit and manage volunteers to deliver the food - Reclutar y gestionar voluntarios para entregar la comida.

#3
A
:  What do I need? - ¿Qué necesito?
B: Fill in our volunteer assessment form, please - Complete nuestro formulario de evaluación de voluntarios, por favor.
Offer - Accept
 A:  Can you give me your phone number in case of any doubts? - ¿Me puede dar su número de teléfono en caso de dudas?
B: Sure. It's 352-589-5699 - Seguro. Es 352-589-5699.
Request - Grant
​#1
A
: There is a meeting tomorrow. Are you available? - Mañana hay una reunión. ¿Estas disponible?
B: Sure - Seguro.


#2
​​A
: Can you work on weekends? - ¿Puedes trabajar los fines de semana?
B: Sure - Seguro.

3. Cierre
Por ultimo, se concluye la conversación y se suele incluir una despedida.
​
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Cierres formales
  • It was a pleasure to help you - Fue un placer ayudarle.
  • Thank you  very much Mr. López. Good-bye - Muchas gracias señor López. Adiós.
  • I look forward to seeing you again - Espero verte otra vez.
  • Have a nice day! - ¡Tenga un buen día!
  • ​​Take care - Cuídese.
Cierres informales
  • I gotta go, bye! - Debo irme, ¡adiós!
  • I’ll catch you later – Te veo más tarde.
  • See you soon! - ¡Nos vemos pronto!
  • Thanks. Bye! - Gracias. ¡Adios!​
​
0 Comments

Pedir y dar información: Community service

10/30/2021

0 Comments

 
Category: Topic In The Syllabus
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Existen algunas estructuras para formular preguntas relacionadas con la información de servicios comunitarios. A continuación tenemos una lista de ellas:
1. Pedir información
Preguntas directas
Wh-question word
Function
What?
Asking for information
What can I do for you?
¿Qué puedo hacer por usted?
What exactly are you interested in?
¿Qué es exactamente lo que le interesa?
What experience do I need?
¿Qué experiencia necesito?
What kind of community service is available for students to perform? ​ 
¿Qué tipo de servicio comunitario está disponible para que lo realicen los estudiantes?
Where?
Asking in or at what place
Where is the community center?
¿Dónde está el centro comunitario?
Where are the shelthers?
¿Dónde estan los refugios/albergues?
When?
Asking about time
When can you start?
¿Cuándo puede empezar?
Who?
Asking what or which person or people
Who's in charge here?
¿Quién está a cargo aquí?
Who can I use as reference?
¿A quién puedo poner/usar como referencia?
Why?
Asking for a reason
Why do you want to participate?
¿Por qué quiere participar?
Which?
Asking for specific information (there's a restricted range of answers)
Which community service is for teenagers?
¿Cuál servicio comunitario es para adolescentes?
Which program would you recommend for me?
¿Qué programa me recomendaría?
Whose?
Asking a question about possession
Whose are these applications?
​¿De quién son estas solicitudes?
How?
Asking about manner, condition or quality
How can we participate?
¿Cómo podemos participar?
​How much time should I volunteer?
¿Cuánto tiempo debo trabajar como voluntario?
Preguntas indirectas
Las preguntas indirectas son más formales y educadas. Se usan mucho en inglés, porque es un idioma muy cortés, muy dado a utilizar un lenguaje lleno de formalidades (sobre todo cuando hablas con alguien que no conoces).

En preguntas indirectas el verbo viene después del sujeto.
Phrases 
Wh-question words
Complement
Do you know
¿Sabe(s)
where 
dónde
what
qué
how
cómo
the community centers are?
están los centros comunitarios?
that is?
es eso?
to give first aid?
dar primeros auxilios?
Could you tell me
¿Podría decirme
what
cuál
where
dónde
your name is?
es su nombre?
I sign up for the charity race?
firmo para la carrera de caridad?
I was wondering
¿Me preguntaba
when
cuándo
you are available for an interview?
estará disponible para una entrevista?
Do you have any idea
​¿Tiene una idea de
how
cómo
the recruiters are?​
son los reclutadores?
2. Dar información
A la hora de brindar un servicio comunitario es importante dar a conocer nuestras preferencias y necesidades. A continuación tenemos una lista de frases que pueden ayudarnos:
Phrase
Verb -ing
Complement
I'm interested in
Estoy interesado en
helping
ayudar
volunteering
​haver voluntariado
others.
a otros.
at the shelter.
en el albergue.
Phrase
Nouns
Complement
I'm looking for 
​Estoy buscando
information
información
vounteers
voluntarios
on community services.
acerca de servicios comunitarios.
to participate in our cleanup event.
​para participar en nuestro evento de limpieza.
Phrase
Infinitive verbs
Complement
I'm calling
Estoy llamando
to ask
para pedir
for information about...
información sobre...
Phrase
Infinitive verbs
Complement
I'd like
Me gustaría
to  participate
​participar
to help
​ayudar
as a volunteer.
​como voluntario.
elderly people.
​personas de edad avanzada.
Phrase
Nouns
I'm worried about
Estoy preocupado por
the abandoned pets.
las mascotas abandonadas.
I worry about
​Me preocupa
the engandered species.
​las especies en peligro de extinción.
I care about
​Me importa
the environment.
el medio ambiente.
0 Comments

What is community service?

8/18/2021

4 Comments

 
Category: Topics in the syllabus
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Are you looking for ways to help others? Are you interested in community service and want to learn more about it? Read this article to learn what community service is and examples of it.
​
What is community service?
Community service is a work done by a person or group of people that benefits others, such as cleaning, fundraising, or organizing special events, etc.  You do not get paid to perform community service. 
Who can you help?
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Community services often address the needs of a specific group, such as:
  • Children.
  • Teenagers.
  • Women.
  • Men.
  • Families.
  • Senior citizens.
  • People with disabilities.
  • People in crisis.
  • Animals.
  • Endangered species.
  • Abandonded pets.
Benefits of volunteering
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Volunteering is a voluntary act of an individual or group freely giving time and labor for community service. ​Many community services rely on volunteers. Here are some benefits of volunteering:
  • You can help your community.
  • You can challenge yourself.
  • You can learn positive qualities like patience and independence.
  • You can show that you are able to change for the better.
  • Your victim(s) and community will see that you are working to make things right.
  • You can learn skills that will help you find a job.
  • You can have fun and meet new people.
  • You can help people who really need it and feel good about the work you’ve done.
Examples of community services
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  • Participate in recycling programs.
  • Clean up a local park.
  • Raise money for Red Cross.
  • Donate blood.
  • Help elderly people.
  • Organize wheelchair basketball game.
  • Organize charity race.
  • Plant trees.
  • Paint park benches.
  • Donate clothes.
  • Donate food.
  • Adopt abandonded pets.
  • Save endangered species.
Where can you find community service projects?
There are many places where you can find information about community service projects, such as:
  • School bulletin board.
  • Community centers.
  • Town hall.
  • Websites.
  • Hospitals.
  • Animal shelters.

4 Comments

Elements of a newspaper

12/27/2020

10 Comments

 
Category: Topics in the syllabus
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Elements of a newspaper
1. Name of the newspaper
2. Section
These are titles or labels that indicate the different sections of the newspaper, such as news, sports, entertainment, or opinion.
3. Headline
It sums up the story or article. It’s usually printed in large font at the top of the page to grab the reader's attention.
4. Drophead
It’s a secondary headline that provides additional information about the story.
5. Byline
It's the author of the article. It appears at the beginning of the article.
6. Dateline
It has two elements: the name of the place from where  a story originated and the date on which it was written. It usually appears in bold letters.
7. Lead
This is the first sentence or paragraph of the article, which provides a summary of the main points and captures the reader's interest.
8. Body
This is the main content of the article, which provides the details and information on the topic being covered. It’s divided into small paragraphs.
9. Photo
They are used to make a text easier to understand or more interesting. These are visuals that help illustrate the story and make it more engaging for the reader.
10. Caption
These are short descriptions or explanations that accompany photographs or images. It is known as cutline in the US.
Other elements​
Masthead
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This is the section of the newspaper that includes the publication's name, logo, and other identifying information, such as the publisher, editor, and editorial board.
Table of contents
This is a list of the articles and sections in the newspaper, along with their page numbers, which helps readers navigate the content.
Subheadings
These are smaller headlines that break up the text into smaller sections and provide additional information about the content.
Crossheads
These are subheadings that are placed in the middle of the text to break up long articles and make them easier to read.
Sidebar
Picture
This is a smaller article or feature that accompanies the main story and provides additional information or context.
Charts of graphs
These are visual representations of data or information that help illustrate a point or support the article's argument.
Jump lines
Picture
These are lines of text that indicate where an article continues on another page in the newspaper.
Editorials
These are opinion pieces written by the newspaper's editorial board or guest contributors, which provide commentary and analysis on current events or issues.​
Quotes
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These are direct quotes from people involved in the story, which provide insight and perspective on the topic being covered.
Pull quotes
These are quotes taken from the article and highlighted in larger font to draw attention and emphasize important points.
Guest columns
These are articles written by guest contributors, such as experts or community leaders, that provide unique perspectives on current events or issues.
Advertisements
These are paid messages from businesses or individuals, which are included in the newspaper to generate revenue.
Pagination
This refers to the numbering of the pages in the newspaper, which allows readers to easily find and reference articles.
Pull-out sections
These are special sections of the newspaper that can be removed and read separately, such as a Sunday magazine or a travel guide.
Supplements
These are additional sections that are included in the newspaper on a regular basis, such as a weekly entertainment guide or a special section on a particular topic.
Comics
These are cartoons or comic strips that provide entertainment and humor for readers.
Crossword puzzles and other games
These provide readers with interactive content and a way to engage with the newspaper beyond simply reading the articles.
Horoscopes
These provide astrological predictions for individuals based on their zodiac sign.
Corrections
These are notices that correct errors or mistakes that were previously published in the newspaper.
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