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Elements of a newspaper

12/27/2020

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Category: Topics in the syllabus
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1. Name of the newspaper
2. Section
3. Headline
It sums up the story or article. It’s usually in a larger font and often in bold.
4. Drophead
It’s a secondary headline that provides additional information about the story.
5. Byline
It's the author of the article. It appears at the beginning of the article.
6. Dateline
It has two elements: the name of the place from where  a story originated and the date on which it was written. It usually appears in bold letters.
7. Lead
It briefly gives the most important information.
8. Body
It supplies additional information. It’s divided into small paragraphs.
9. Photo
They are used to make a text easier to understand or more interesting.
10. Caption
It used to describe a photograph. It is known as cutline in the US.
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Types of TV programs

12/14/2020

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Category: Topics in the syllabus
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TV program
A TV program, also called television show, is a segment of content intended for broadcast on television. 
Cartoon
A cartoon is a program that features animated characters.
Examples: ​The Simpsons, Dragon ball super, Naruto, Rick and Morty, Pokémon, The fairly oddparents & SpongeBob SquarePants.
Cookery
A TV program hosted by famous chefs, who teach people how to cook.
Examples: ​Iron chef & Celebrity cooking showdown.
Documentary
A documentary is a non-fictional program that documents real life events, usually created for educational purposes. 
Examples: ​The last dance, Rise of empires: Ottoman & Leaving Neverland.
Drama
A fictional or true story, featuring actors and actresses who are dealing with struggles of daily life. 
Examples: The crown & You.
Game show
A game show that features contestants who play competitive games or solve quizzes/ puzzles, usually for money.
Examples: ​Who wants to be a millionaire?, The secret password is… & Jeopardy​
Kids
TV programs produced for children.
Examples: ​Sesame street & Hannah Montana.
Makeover
A TV program that helps people change their image or lifestyle.
Examples: ​The biggest looser & Extreme makeover. 
News
A show that reports world events as they unfold. 
Examples: ​CNN News, CBS Evening News & 60 Minutes.
Reality show
A show with ordinary people, showing what they do in strange situations.
Examples: ​Big brother, Survivor, Keeping up with the Kardashians & The bachelor.​
Sitcom (Situation comedy)
An entertaining TV program with characters in different amusing (comical) situations.
Examples: ​Two and half men, The big bang theory, Modern family, Malcolm & Friends.​
Soap opera
It's a drama serie dealing typically with daily events in the lives of the same group of characters.
Examples: ​Maria la del barrio, Coronation street & The bold and the beautiful.
Sports
A TV program that features sports or sporting events. 
Examples: ​Super Bowl, Mexican Soccer League, Olympic games, World cup, Grand slam cup, Formula 1 & WWWE.​
Talk shows
A TV program in which various topics are discussed informally and guests or studio audience are invited to participate in the discussion.
Examples: ​The tonigh show, The Ellen DeGeneres show & The Opran Winfrey show. 
Travel
A TV program that features popular holiday destinations or travel reviews.
Examples: ​Gordon's great escape, Travel man & Race across the world.​
Wildlife program
A show about animals, plants, or other non-human living creatures and how they live. 
Examples: ​Planet Earth & The cocodrile hunter.
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Film genres

11/29/2020

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Category: Topics in the syllabus
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Characteristics and examples of film genres
Action
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Characteristics:
  • ​The hero battles with villains - El héroe lucha con villanos.
  • It includes a lot of action like fights, car chases, stunts, rescues and escapes - Incluye mucha acción como peleas, persecuciones de autos, acrobacias, rescates y escapes.
  • It usually features superheroes - Por lo general, presenta superhéroes.
Examples:
Marvel movies, The fast and the furious, Superman, Transformers and James Bond.
Adventure
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Characteristics:
  • It features exciting stories in exotic, far away, or unfamiliar places -  Presenta historias emocionantes en lugares exóticos, lejanos o desconocidos.
  • The protagonist is in dangerous or risky situations - El protagonista se encuentra en situaciones peligrosas o de riesgo.
  • The protagonist save others from danger - El protagonista salva a otros del peligro.
  • The antagonists tend to be extremely evil - Los antagonistas tienden a ser extremadamente malvados.
  • It's usually built around a quest - Por lo general, se basa en una misión.
  • There are treasure hunts, expeditions, hidden maps and traps - Hay búsquedas del tesoro, expediciones, mapas ocultos y trampas.
Examples:
Indiana Jones and the Raiders of the Lost Ark, Lord of the rings, Pirates of Caribbean,  and Tomb raider.
Comedy
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Characteristics:
  • It's funny and entertaining - Es divertida y entretenida.
  • It makes the audience laugh - Hace reír a la audiencia.
  • The protagonists are usually in challenging, amusing, or humorous situations they're not prepared to handle - The protagonists are usually in challenging, amusing, or humorous situations they're not prepared to handle.
Examples:
You don't mess with the Zohan, Zoolander, Wedding crashers, Meet parents and There's something about Mary.
Drama
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Characteristics:
  • ​It features realistic characters, settings, stories, and real-life situations - Presenta personajes reales, escenarios, historias y situaciones de la vida real.
  • The characters deal with struggles of everyday life - Los personajes lidian con conflitos de la vida cotidiana.
Examples:
12 years a slave, Bridge of spies and Casablanca.
Horror
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Characteristics:
  • It's designed to frigthen and to invoke hidden fears - Está diseñado para asustar e invocar miedos ocultos.
  • Scary visuals and sound effects add elements of horror - Los efectos visuales y de sonido de miedo añaden elementos de terror.
  • There are supernatural beings such as haunted houses, ghosts, vampires, zombies, etc. - Hay seres sobrenaturales como casas encantadas, fantasmas, vampiros, zombies, etc.
Examples:
The exorcist, The ring, Bram Stoker's Dracula and The conjuring. 
Romance
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Characteristics:
  • ​Two characters fall in love, but face conflicts - Dos personajes se enamoran, pero enfrentan conflictos.
  • There's a happy period of time - Hay un período de tiempo feliz. 
Examples:
Titanic, Pretty woman and The notebook.
Science fiction
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Characteristics:
  • ​It's set in the future and there are some imaginary scientific developments - Está ambientado en el futuro y hay algunos desarrollos científicos imaginarios.
  • It features extraterrestrial lifeforms - Presenta formas de vida extraterrestres.
  • There are time travels, teleportations, mind control, space travels, and fictional worlds - Hay viajes en el tiempo, tele-transportaciones, control mental, viajes espaciales y mundos ficticios.
Examples:
Star wars, Star trek, Terminator, Maze runner, Ex Machina and The fifth element.
War
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Characteristics:
  • It ​features warfare, typically about naval, air, or land battles, with combat scenes - Presenta guerras, generalmente sobre batallas navales, aéreas o terrestres, con escenas de combate.
  • It includes battles that involve tanks, fighter planes, warships, firearms, and hand-to-hand combat - Incluye batallas que involucran tanques, aviones de combate, buques de guerra, armas de fuego y combate cuerpo a cuerpo.​
  • It explores the psychological aspects of war, including the mental strain that combat exerts on soldiers - Explora los aspectos psicológicos de la guerra, incluida la tensión mental que el combate ejerce sobre los soldados.
Examples:
Saving private Ryan, The thin red line, Platoon, Schindler's list and 1917.
Western
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Characteristics:
  • The main character is usually a cowboy or outlander armed with a revolver and a rifle who rides a horse - El personaje principal suele ser un vaquero o un forastero armado con un revólver y un rifle que monta a caballo.
Examples:
Tombstone, 3:10 to Yuma, Brokeback mountain, Django unchained, Unforgiven and Back to the future part III.
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Elements of the script explicado en español

11/28/2020

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Category: Topics in the syllabus
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El guion es un elemento muy importante en cualquier obra cinematográfica, dado que es la base sobre la cuál se crea una película. El guion nos cuenta la historia completa, las acciones que se desarrollan y los diálogos de cada personaje. También describe los lugares donde se filmarán ciertas escenas. 
Elementos del guion
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Encabezado de escena (Scene heading)
Les dice a los lectores dónde y cuándo tiene lugar la escena. Consta de tres partes:
  1. La abreviatura INT. (Interior) o EXT. (Exterior) que se usan para indicar si la acción se desarrolla en lugares cerrados o abiertos.
  2. El lugar donde transcurre la acción. 
  3. La hora del día.

Ejemplos:
  • ​EXT. CENTRAL PARK – NIGHT
  • EXT. COFFEE SHOP – DAY
  • INT. LIVING ROOM – SUNSET
  • EXT. CIRCUS – AFTERNOON
  • INT. TRAIN STATION - NOON
Lineas de acción (Action lines)
Prepara la escena, presentan personajes y describen sus acciones. Estas se escriben en tercera persona y con los verbos en presente.

Ejemplos:
1. HARKER finds the COUNT DRACULA lying in a coffin. He is horrified and runs away in horror.
2. The phone rings and CATHERINE quickly grabs it not to disturb people around. 
3. CHARLES stands to leave, but the waitress blocks his exit. 
Nombre del personaje (Character name) y dialogos (Dialogues)
El nombre del personaje se usa antes de que un personaje hable y a continuación irá su dialogo.

Ejemplo:
​                       COUNT DRACULA
 Welcome to my house. Come freely. Go safety and leave something of the happiness you bring. 
Elementos entre paréntesis (Parenthetical)
Describe lo que un personaje siente o hace cuando habla.

Ejemplos:
                        SUSAN
            (excited)
 It’s fantastic!


                        RUPERTH
            (sarcastically)
Here comes the sexiest man in the world.


                        CARL
           (with a smile)
​Yes... thank you!
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Adverbios de secuencia

11/22/2020

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Category: Grammar
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Uso
Los adverbios de secuencia se usan para describir el orden en que suceden las cosas. Por lo regular, estos adverbios  sirven para contar una historia, escribir una receta o dar instrucciones.
​
Ejemplos
First, I get up. Then, I take a shower. Next, I have breakfast. Finally, I go to work. 
​Primero, me levanto. Entonces, tomo un baño. A continuación, desayuno. Finalmente, me voy a trabajar.
​
Firstly, boil some water. Then, pour the water into a cup. After that, put a tea bag in the water. Finally, add some sugar.
Primero, hierve un poco de agua. Luego, vierte el agua en una taza. Después de eso, pon una bolsita de té en el agua. Finalmente, agregue un poco de azúcar.
​
First, stay calm. Then, go to higher gounds. Next, stay away from electronics. Finally,  after the flood check strutural damages - ​Primero, mantén la calma. Luego, ve a terrenos más altos. Luego, manténgase alejado de electrónicos. Finalmente, después de la inundación, verifique los daños estructurales.

Before, you begin, make sure that you stretch out the balloon to make it as easy as possible to inflate. Then, pour the 40 ml of water into the soft drink bottle. Next, add a teaspoon of baking soda and stir it around with the straw until it has dissolved. Finally, pour the lemon juice in and quickly put the stretched balloon over the mouth of the bottle - Antes de comenzar, asegúrese de estirar el globo para que sea lo más fácil posible de inflar. Luego, vierta los 40 ml. de agua en la botella de refresco. A continuación, agregue una cucharadita de bicarbonato de sodio y revuelva con un popote hasta que se haya disuelto. Finalmente, vierte el jugo de limón y rápidamente coloca el globo estirado sobre la boca de la botella.
​

Adverbios de secuencia
  • Before - Antes.
  • After - Después.
  • After that - Después de esto.
  • First - Primero.
  • Second - Segundo.
  • Then - Entonces/luego.
  • Next - En seguida/A continuación/Después.
  • Finally - Finalmente.
  • Firstly - Primeramente.
  • Secondly - En segundo lugar.
Reglas
La mayoría de los adverbios de secuencia casi siempre van al principio de una oración y seguidos de una coma (,).
  • First, open your book - Primero, abre tu libro.
  • Next, add two tablespoons of sugar - A continuación, agrega 2 cucharadas de azúcar.
  • After that, we have dinner - Después de eso, cenamos.
First y next también pueden ir al final de una oración.
  • Open your book first - Abre tu libro primero.
  • I'll clean the house next - Limpiare la casa después.
Next, then y after that son intercambiables. Marcan algo entre el inicio y el final.
  • First, we need all the ingredients. Then, we mix the flour and water until it is smooth before adding the whipped egg - Primero, necesitamos todos los ingredientes. Luego, mezclamos la harina y el agua hasta que esté suave antes de agregar el huevo batido.
Then se puede usar sin coma.
  • First, call 911 and then start CPR - ​Primero, llame al 911 y luego comience la RCP.
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